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Iron Trade

  • 1 торговля черными металлами

    Русско-английский словарь по экономии > торговля черными металлами

  • 2 Cort, Henry

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1740 Lancaster, England
    d. 1800 Hampstead, near London, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster, inventor of the puddling process and grooved rollers for forming iron into bars.
    [br]
    His father was a mason and brickmaker but, anxious to improve himself, Cort set up in London in 1765 as a navy agent, said to have been a profitable business. He recognized that, at that time, the conversion of pig iron to malleable or wrought iron, which was needed in increasing quantities as developments in industry and mechanical engineering gathered pace, presented a bottleneck in the ironmaking process. The finery hearth was still in use, slow and inefficient and requiring the scarce charcoal as fuel. To tackle this problem, Cort gave up his business and acquired a furnace and slitting mill at Fontley, near Fareham in Hampshire. In 1784 he patented his puddling process, by which molten pig iron on the bed of a reverberatory furnace was stirred with an iron bar and, by the action of the flame and the oxygen in the air, the carbon in the pig iron was oxidized, leaving nearly pure iron, which could be forged to remove slag. In this type of furnace, the fuel and the molten iron were separated, so that the cheaper coal could be used as fuel. It was the stirring action with the iron bar that gave the name "puddling" to the process. Others had realized the problem and reached a similar solution, notably the brothers Thomas and George Cranage, but only Cort succeeded in developing a commercially viable process. The laborious hammering of the ball of iron thus produced was much reduced by an invention of the previous year, 1783. This too was patented. The iron was passed between grooved rollers to form it into bars. Cort entered into an agreement with Samuel Jellico to set up an ironworks at Gosport to exploit his inventions. Samuel's father Adam, Deputy Paymaster of the Navy, advanced capital for this venture, Cort having expended much of his own resources in the experimental work that preceded his inventions. However, it transpired that Jellico senior had, unknown to Cort, used public money to advance the capital; the Admiralty acted to recover the money and Cort lost heavily, including the benefits from his patents. Rival ironmasters were quick to pillage the patents. In 1790, and again the following year, Cort offered unsuccessfully to work for the military. Finally, in 1794, at the instigation of the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, Cort was paid a pension of £200 per year in recognition of the value of his improvements in the technology of ironmaking, although this was reduced by deductions to £160. After his death, the pension to his widow was halved, while some of his children received a pittance. Without the advances made by Cort, however, the iron trade could not have met the rapidly increasing demand for iron during the industrial revolution.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1787, A Brief State of Facts Relative to the New Method of Making Bar Iron with Raw Pit Coal and Grooved Rollers (held in the Science Museum Library archive collection).
    Further Reading
    H.W.Dickinson, 1941, "Henry Cort's bicentary", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 21: 31–47 (there are further references to grooved rollers and the puddling process in Vol. 49 of the same periodical (1978), on pp. 153–8).
    R.A.Mott, 1983, Henry Con, the Great Finery Creator of Puddled Iron, Sheffield: Historical Metallurgy Society.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Cort, Henry

  • 3 Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian

    [br]
    b. 15 February 1816 Newcastle upon Tyne, England
    d. 20 December 1904 Rounton Grange, Northallerton, Yorkshire, England
    [br]
    English ironworks proprietor, chemical manufacturer and railway director, widely renowned for his scientific pronouncements.
    [br]
    Following an extensive education, in 1835 Bell entered the Tyneside chemical and iron business where his father was a partner; for about five years from 1845 he controlled the ironworks. In 1844, he and his two brothers leased an iron blast-furnace at Wylam on Tyne. In 1850, with partners, he started chemical works at Washington, near Gateshead. A few years later, with his two brothers, he set up the Clarence Ironworks on Teesside. In the 1880s, salt extraction and soda-making were added there; at that time the Bell Brothers' enterprises, including collieries, employed 6,000 people.
    Lowthian Bell was a pioneer in applying thermochemistry to blast-furnace working. Besides his commercial interests, scientific experimentation and international travel, he found time to take a leading part in the promotion of British technical organizations; upon his death he left evidence of a prodigious level of personal activity.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created baronet 1885. FRS 1875. Légion d'honneur 1878. MP, Hartlepool, 1875–80. President: British Iron Trade Association; Iron and Steel Institute; Institution of Mechanical Engineers; North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Mining Engineers; Society of the Chemical Industry. Iron and Steel Institute Bessemer Gold Medal 1874 (the first recipient). Society of Arts Albert Medal 1895.
    Bibliography
    The first of several books, Bell's Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting… (1872), was soon translated into German, French and Swedish. He was the author of more than forty technical articles.
    Further Reading
    1900–1910, Dictionary of National Biography.
    C.Wilson, 1984, article in Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. I, ed. J.Jeremy, Butterworth (a more discursive account).
    D.Burn, 1940, The Economic History of Steelmaking, 1867–1939: A Study in Competition, Cambridge (2nd edn 1961).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian

  • 4 Monell, Ambrose

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1874 New York, USA
    d. 2 May 1921 Beacon, New York, USA
    [br]
    American metallurgist who gave his name to a successful nickel-copper alloy.
    [br]
    After graduating from Columbia University in 1896. Monell became a metallurgical engineer to the Carnegie Steel Company, rising in six years to be Assistant to the President. In 1900, while Manager of the company's open-hearth steelworks at Pittsburg, he patented a procedure for making high-carbon steel in basic conditions on the hearth of a fixed/stationary furnace; the method was intended to refine pig-iron containing substantial proportions of phosphorus and to do so relatively quickly. The process was introduced at the Homestead Works of the Carnegie Steel Company in February 1900, where it continued in use for some years. In April 1902 Monell was among those who launched the International Nickel Company of New Jersey in order to bring together a number of existing nickel interests; he became the new company's President. In 1904–5, members of the company's metallurgical staff produced an alloy of about 70 parts nickel and 30 copper which seemed to show great commercial promise on account of its high resistance to corrosion and its good appearance. Monell agreed to the suggestion that the new alloy should be given his name; for commercial reasons it was marketed as "Monel metal". In 1917, following the entry of the USA into the First World War, Monell was commissioned Colonel in the US Army (Aviation) for overseas service, relinquishing his presidency of the International Nickel Company but remaining as a director. At the time of his death he was also a director in several other companies in the USA.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1900, British patent no. 5506 (taken out by O. Imray on behalf of Monell).
    Monell insinuated an account of his steel-making procedure at a meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute held in London and reported in The Journal of the Iron and Steel
    Institute (1900) 1:71–80; some of the comments made by other speakers, particularly B.Talbot, were adverse. The following year (1901) Monell produced a general historical review: "A summary of development in open-hearth steel", Iron Trade
    Review 14(14 November):39–47.
    Further Reading
    A.J.Wadhams, 1931, "The story of the nickel industry", Metals and Alloys 2(3):166–75 (mentions Monell among many others, and includes a portrait (p. 170)).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Monell, Ambrose

  • 5 торговля железом

    Commerce: iron trade

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > торговля железом

  • 6 торговля чёрными металл

    Commerce: iron trade

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > торговля чёрными металл

  • 7 торговля чёрными металлами

    Business: iron trade

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > торговля чёрными металлами

  • 8 jernhandel

    subst. iron trade

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > jernhandel

  • 9 ijzerhandel

    n. iron trade; hardware shop

    Holandés-inglés dicionario > ijzerhandel

  • 10 ferro

    "iron;
    Eisen;
    ferro"
    * * *
    m ironic
    ( arnese) tool
    fig di ferro memoria, salute excellent
    stomaco cast-iron
    ferro da calza knitting needle
    ferro di cavallo horseshoe
    ferro battuto wrought ironic
    gastronomy ai ferri grilled, AE broiled
    * * *
    ferro s.m.
    1 iron: filo di ferro, iron wire; una cancellata di ferro arrugginito, a rusty iron gate; rottami di ferro, iron scrap; minerale di ferro, iron ore (o ironstone); lamiera di ferro, iron sheet (o iron plate); lega di ferro, iron alloy; tondino di ferro, iron rod // ferro dolce, soft iron; ferro fuso, ingot iron; ferro laminato, rolled iron; ferro trafilato, drawn iron; ferro zincato, galvanized iron // ferro battuto, wrought iron // (miner.) cappello di ferro, gossan (o gozzan) // un uomo di ferro, a man of iron; una volontà di ferro, an iron will; ha una memoria di ferro, he has an excellent (o a retentive) memory // l'età del ferro, Iron Age // tocca ferro!, touch wood!
    2 ferro ( da stiro) iron, flatiron: ferro a vapore, steam iron; devo dare un colpo di ferro a questa gonna, (fam.) I must run the iron over this skirt
    3 ( spada) sword: incrociare i ferri, to cross swords // essere ai ferri corti con qlcu., to be at loggerheads with s.o. // mettere un paese a ferro e fuoco, to lay waste a country
    4 ( attrezzo) tool: i ferri del mestiere, the tools of the trade; ferro da calza, knitting needle; ferro di cavallo, horseshoe; ferri chirurgici, surgical instruments; morire sotto i ferri, to die during an operation; cuocere la carne ai ferri, to grill meat; cotto ai ferri, grilled
    5 pl. ( ceppi) irons, chains, fetters
    6 (zool.) ferro di cavallo, horseshoe bat.
    * * *
    ['fɛrro] 1.
    sostantivo maschile
    1) iron

    oggetto in o di ferro iron object; filo di ferro wire; color ferro iron-grey BE, iron-gray AE; carenza di ferro med. iron deficiency; età del ferro — geol. Iron Age

    2) fig.

    di ferro — [disciplina, salute, volontà] iron; [ memoria] tenacious; [ stomaco] strong; [ alibi] cast-iron, watertight

    3) (da calza) knitting needle
    4) (da stiro) iron

    dare un colpo di ferro a qcs. — to give sth. an iron o a press

    2.
    sostantivo maschile plurale ferri
    1) med. surgical instruments, knife sing. colloq.

    morire sotto i -i — to die under the knife o on the operating table

    2) (di prigioniero) irons, fetters, shackles

    mettere qcn. ai -i — to put sb. in irons o fetters, to fetter sb

    3) (arnesi) tools
    4) gastr.

    ai -i — [carne, pesce] grilled

    cuocere ai ferro — to grill, to cook on the grill

    •
    ••

    mettere a ferro e fuoco qcs. — to put sth. to fire and sword

    essere ai -i corti con qcn. — to be at daggers drawn with sb., to be eyeball to eyeball with sb.

    battere il ferro finché è caldo — prov. to strike while the iron is hot, to make hay while the sun shines

    toccare ferro — to touch BE o knock on AE wood

    * * *
    ferro
    /'fεrro/
    I sostantivo m.
     1 iron; minerale di ferro iron ore; oggetto in o di ferro iron object; filo di ferro wire; color ferro iron-grey BE, iron-gray AE; carenza di ferro med. iron deficiency; età del ferro geol. Iron Age
     2 fig. di ferro [disciplina, salute, volontà] iron; [ memoria] tenacious; [ stomaco] strong; [ alibi] cast-iron, watertight; pugno di ferro iron fist o hand
     3 (da calza) knitting needle; lavorare ai -i to knit
     4 (da stiro) iron; ferro a vapore steam iron; dare un colpo di ferro a qcs. to give sth. an iron o a press
    II ferri m.pl.
     1 med. surgical instruments, knife sing. colloq.; morire sotto i -i to die under the knife o on the operating table; essere sotto i -i to be under the knife
     2 (di prigioniero) irons, fetters, shackles; mettere qcn. ai -i to put sb. in irons o fetters, to fetter sb.
     3 (arnesi) tools; i -i del mestiere the tools of the trade
     4 gastr. ai -i [carne, pesce] grilled; cuocere ai ferro to grill, to cook on the grill
    mettere a ferro e fuoco qcs. to put sth. to fire and sword; essere ai -i corti con qcn. to be at daggers drawn with sb., to be eyeball to eyeball with sb.; battere il ferro finché è caldo prov. to strike while the iron is hot, to make hay while the sun shines; toccare ferro to touch BE o knock on AE wood
    \
    ferro battuto wrought iron; ferro da calza knitting needle; ferro per capelli curling iron; ferro di cavallo (horse)shoe; a ferro di cavallo horseshoe shaped; ferro da stiro iron.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > ferro

  • 11 industria

    f.
    1 industry.
    industria alimentaria food industry
    industria automovilística o del automóvil car industry
    industria cinematográfica o del cine film o movie industry
    industria del ocio leisure industry
    industria punta sunrise industry
    2 factory.
    3 diligence, industry, application, sedulousness.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: industriar.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: industriar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) industry
    2 (fábrica) factory
    \
    industria terciaria tertiary industry
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Com) industry

    industria automovilística — car industry, auto industry (EEUU)

    industria del automóvil — car industry, automobile industry (EEUU)

    industria militar — weapons industry, defence industry

    2) (=fábrica) factory
    3) (=dedicación) industry, industriousness
    4) † (=maña) ingenuity, skill, expertise
    * * *
    femenino (Com, Econ) industry
    * * *
    = industry, industrial organisation.
    Ex. Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.
    Ex. This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.
    ----
    * científico de la industria = industrial scientist.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * estándar de la industria = industry standard.
    * industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.
    * industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.
    * industria agrícola = agro-industry.
    * industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.
    * industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria alimentaria = food industry.
    * industria alimenticia = food industry.
    * industria artesanal = cottage industry.
    * industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.
    * industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.
    * industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].
    * industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.
    * industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.
    * industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.
    * industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.
    * industria del acero = steel industry.
    * industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.
    * industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.
    * industria de la confección = clothing industry.
    * industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.
    * industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.
    * industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.
    * industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.
    * industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.
    * industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.
    * industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.
    * industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.
    * industria de la información, la = information industry, the.
    * industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.
    * industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.
    * industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.
    * industria de la madera = timber industry.
    * industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.
    * industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria de la propiedad = property industry.
    * industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.
    * industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.
    * industria de las bases de datos = database industry.
    * industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.
    * industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.
    * industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.
    * industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.
    * industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.
    * industria del carbón = coal industry.
    * industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.
    * industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria del cuero = leather industry.
    * industria del espectáculo, la = show business.
    * industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.
    * industria del gas = gas industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.
    * industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.
    * industria de los alimentos = food industry.
    * industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.
    * industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria del papel = paper industry.
    * industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.
    * industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.
    * industria del software, la = software industry, the.
    * industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.
    * industria del turismo = tourism industry.
    * industria del vestir = clothing industry.
    * industria de servicios = service industry.
    * industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.
    * industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.
    * industria editorial = book industry.
    * industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria energética = energy industry, energy company.
    * industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.
    * industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.
    * industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.
    * industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria ligera = light industry.
    * industria maderera = timber industry.
    * industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.
    * industria marina, la = marine industry, the.
    * industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.
    * industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.
    * industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.
    * industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.
    * industria papelera = paper industry.
    * industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.
    * industria pesada = heavy industry.
    * industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.
    * industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.
    * industria química = chemical industry.
    * industria química, la = chemical industry, the.
    * industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.
    * industria textil = textile industry.
    * industria turística = tourism industry.
    * industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.
    * la industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.
    * norma de la industria = industry standard.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.
    * trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.
    * * *
    femenino (Com, Econ) industry
    * * *
    = industry, industrial organisation.

    Ex: Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.

    Ex: This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.
    * científico de la industria = industrial scientist.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * estándar de la industria = industry standard.
    * industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.
    * industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.
    * industria agrícola = agro-industry.
    * industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.
    * industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria alimentaria = food industry.
    * industria alimenticia = food industry.
    * industria artesanal = cottage industry.
    * industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.
    * industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.
    * industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].
    * industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.
    * industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.
    * industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.
    * industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.
    * industria del acero = steel industry.
    * industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.
    * industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.
    * industria de la confección = clothing industry.
    * industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.
    * industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.
    * industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.
    * industria de la edición = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria de la edición impresa = print industry.
    * industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.
    * industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.
    * industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.
    * industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.
    * industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.
    * industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.
    * industria de la información, la = information industry, the.
    * industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.
    * industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.
    * industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.
    * industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.
    * industria de la madera = timber industry.
    * industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.
    * industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria de la propiedad = property industry.
    * industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.
    * industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.
    * industria de las bases de datos = database industry.
    * industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.
    * industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.
    * industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.
    * industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.
    * industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.
    * industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.
    * industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.
    * industria del carbón = coal industry.
    * industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.
    * industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.
    * industria del cuero = leather industry.
    * industria del espectáculo, la = show business.
    * industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.
    * industria del gas = gas industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.
    * industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.
    * industria de los alimentos = food industry.
    * industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.
    * industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria del papel = paper industry.
    * industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.
    * industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.
    * industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.
    * industria del software, la = software industry, the.
    * industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.
    * industria del turismo = tourism industry.
    * industria del vestir = clothing industry.
    * industria de servicios = service industry.
    * industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.
    * industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.
    * industria editorial = book industry.
    * industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.
    * industria energética = energy industry, energy company.
    * industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.
    * industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.
    * industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.
    * industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.
    * industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.
    * industria ligera = light industry.
    * industria maderera = timber industry.
    * industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.
    * industria marina, la = marine industry, the.
    * industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.
    * industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.
    * industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.
    * industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.
    * industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.
    * industria papelera = paper industry.
    * industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.
    * industria pesada = heavy industry.
    * industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.
    * industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.
    * industria química = chemical industry.
    * industria química, la = chemical industry, the.
    * industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.
    * industria textil = textile industry.
    * industria turística = tourism industry.
    * industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.
    * la industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.
    * norma de la industria = industry standard.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.
    * trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.

    * * *
    A ( Com, Econ) industry
    la industria de la construcción the construction industry
    Compuestos:
    cottage industry
    motor industry, car industry
    cottage industry
    telecommunications industry
    sex industry
    space industry
    light industry
    arms o weapons industry, defense* industry
    heavy industry
    fishing industry
    staple industries (pl)
    iron and steel industry
    B
    1 (esfuerzo) diligence, industry
    2 (destreza) resourcefulness, ingenuity
    * * *

    industria sustantivo femenino (Com, Econ) industry;

    industria pesquera fishing industry
    industria sustantivo femenino industry
    industria siderúrgica, iron and steel industry

    ' industria' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aeronáutica
    - aeronáutico
    - azucarera
    - azucarero
    - cafetera
    - cafetero
    - cárnica
    - cárnico
    - cinematográfica
    - cinematográfico
    - confección
    - construcción
    - manufactura
    - minería
    - peletería
    - perfumería
    - repunte
    - revolucionar
    - sombrerería
    - turismo
    - alimenticio
    - ascenso
    - atrasar
    - automotor
    - crecimiento
    - fomentar
    - hotelería
    - lechero
    - levantar
    - nacional
    - nacionalización
    - nacionalizar
    - obrero
    - paralizar
    - ramo
    - reconvertir
    - usina
    - vinícola
    English:
    cosmetic
    - cottage industry
    - cripple
    - develop
    - DTI
    - encourage
    - encouragement
    - forefront
    - high-tech
    - industry
    - meat industry
    - oil industry
    - printing
    - publishing
    - rag trade
    - rundown
    - service industry
    - standstill
    - steel industry
    - tourist industry
    - trade
    - woolen
    - woollen
    - business
    - fishery
    - growth industry
    - manufacturing
    - tourist
    * * *
    1. [sector] industry
    la industria agroalimentaria the food and agriculture industry;
    industria automotriz car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria del automóvil car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria automovilística car o Br motor o US automobile industry;
    industria del entretenimiento entertainment industry;
    industria en expansión growth industry;
    industria ligera light industry;
    industria del ocio leisure industry;
    industria pesada heavy industry;
    industria punta sunrise industry;
    industria textil textile industry;
    industria de transformación manufacturing industry;
    industria del turismo tourist industry;
    industria turística tourist industry
    2. [fábrica] factory
    3. [habilidad] industry, hard work
    * * *
    f
    1 actividad, sector industry
    2 ( esfuerzo) industriousness, industry
    * * *
    : industry
    * * *
    industria n industry [pl. industries]

    Spanish-English dictionary > industria

  • 12 beherrschen

    I v/t
    1. (regieren über) rule (over), govern; fig. dominate (auch jemanden); (eine Familie, ein Unternehmen) auch rule (over), hold sway over, run umg.; den Luftraum beherrschen control airspace, have air supremacy; fig.: es beherrscht sein ganzes Denken it governs ( oder dominates, determines) his whole way of thinking
    2. fig. (im Griff haben: Lage, Fahrzeug etc.) control, be in control of, have s.th. under control; (Markt etc.) control, dominate; (Technik, Situation etc.) be in control of
    3. (gut können: Sprache) have a good command of, speak (fluently); (Musikinstrument) have complete command of; (Handwerk) have mastered; (sich angeeignet haben: Regeln, Übung etc.) have internalized; seine Schwester beherrscht drei Fremdsprachen his sister speaks three foreign languages
    4. (zügeln: Leidenschaften etc.) (keep under) control
    5. (überragen, bestimmen) command, dominate, tower ( oder soar) above; alte Eichen beherrschen die Landschaft the landscape is dominated by ancient oaks
    II v/refl control o.s., restrain o.s.; beherrsch dich ( bloß)! get yourself under control; sie kann sich gut / schlecht beherrschen she keeps herself / cannot keep herself under control; sie kann sich nicht beherrschen auch she just can’t hold back; (wird schnell wütend) she has a quick temper; ich kann mich beherrschen! umg. iro. (ablehnend) you’ll be lucky!; stärker: not likely!
    * * *
    (dominieren) to rule; to dominate; to govern;
    (kontrollieren) to control; to possess;
    (können) to know
    * * *
    be|hẹrr|schen ptp behe\#rrscht
    1. vt
    1) (= herrschen über) to rule, to govern; (fig Gefühle, Vorstellungen) to dominate
    2) (fig = das Übergewicht haben) Stadtbild, Landschaft, Ebene, Markt to dominate,
    See:
    → Feld
    3) (= zügeln) to control; Zunge to curb
    4) (= gut können) Handwerk, Sprache, Instrument, Tricks, Spielregeln to master
    5) (= bewältigen) Situation to have control of
    2. vr
    to control oneself
    See:
    → auch beherrscht
    * * *
    1) (to direct or guide; to have power or authority over: The captain controls the whole ship; Control your dog!) control
    2) (to hold back; to restrain (oneself or one's emotions etc): Control yourself!) control
    3) (to have command or influence (over): The stronger man dominates the weaker.) dominate
    4) (to become skilful in: I don't think I'll ever master arithmetic.) master
    * * *
    be·herr·schen *
    I. vt
    1. (gut können)
    ▪ etw \beherrschen to have mastered [or fam got the hang of] sth
    sein Handwerk \beherrschen to be good at [or skilled in] one's trade
    sie beherrscht ihr Handwerk she's good at what she does
    ein Instrument \beherrschen to play an instrument well, to have mastered an instrument
    die Spielregeln \beherrschen to know [or have learnt] the rules well
    eine Sprache \beherrschen to have good command of a language
    alle Tricks \beherrschen to know all the tricks
    etw gerade so \beherrschen to have just about mastered [or fam got the hang of] sth
    etw gut/perfekt \beherrschen to have mastered sth well/perfectly
    etw aus dem Effeff \beherrschen (fam) to know sth inside out
    2. (als Herrscher regieren)
    ▪ jdn/etw \beherrschen to rule sb/sth
    ▪ etw \beherrschen to control sth
    ein Fahrzeug \beherrschen to have control over a vehicle
    ▪ etw \beherrschen to dominate sth
    ein \beherrschender Eindruck/eine \beherrschende Erscheinung a dominant impression/figure
    ▪ etw \beherrschen to control sth
    seine Emotionen/Gefühle/Leidenschaften \beherrschen to control one's emotions/feelings/passions
    6. (unter dem Einfluss von etw stehen)
    ▪ von etw dat beherrscht werden to be ruled by sth
    von seinen Gefühlen beherrscht werden to be ruled [or governed] by one's emotions
    II. vr (sich bezähmen)
    ▪ sich akk \beherrschen to control oneself
    ▶ ich kann mich \beherrschen! (iron fam) no way!, not likely!, I wouldn't dream of it!
    * * *
    1.
    1) rule

    den Markt beherrschen — dominate or control the market

    2) (meistern) control <vehicle, animal>; be in control of < situation>
    3) (bestimmen, dominieren) dominate <townscape, landscape, discussions, relationship>
    4) (zügeln) control < feelings>; control, curb < impatience>
    5) (gut können) have mastered <instrument, trade>; have a good command of < language>
    2.
    reflexives Verb control oneself

    ich kann mich beherrschen — (iron.) I can resist the temptation (iron.)

    * * *
    A. v/t
    1. (regieren über) rule (over), govern; fig dominate (auch jemanden); (eine Familie, ein Unternehmen) auch rule (over), hold sway over, run umg;
    den Luftraum beherrschen control airspace, have air supremacy; fig:
    es beherrscht sein ganzes Denken it governs ( oder dominates, determines) his whole way of thinking
    2. fig (im Griff haben: Lage, Fahrzeug etc) control, be in control of, have sth under control; (Markt etc) control, dominate; (Technik, Situation etc) be in control of
    3. (gut können: Sprache) have a good command of, speak (fluently); (Musikinstrument) have complete command of; (Handwerk) have mastered; (sich angeeignet haben: Regeln, Übung etc) have internalized;
    seine Schwester beherrscht drei Fremdsprachen his sister speaks three foreign languages
    4. (zügeln: Leidenschaften etc) (keep under) control
    5. (überragen, bestimmen) command, dominate, tower ( oder soar) above;
    alte Eichen beherrschen die Landschaft the landscape is dominated by ancient oaks
    B. v/r control o.s., restrain o.s.;
    beherrsch dich (bloß)! get yourself under control;
    sie kann sich gut/schlecht beherrschen she keeps herself/cannot keep herself under control;
    sie kann sich nicht beherrschen auch she just can’t hold back; (wird schnell wütend) she has a quick temper;
    ich kann mich beherrschen! umg iron (ablehnend) you’ll be lucky!; stärker: not likely!
    * * *
    1.
    1) rule

    den Markt beherrschen — dominate or control the market

    2) (meistern) control <vehicle, animal>; be in control of < situation>
    3) (bestimmen, dominieren) dominate <townscape, landscape, discussions, relationship>
    4) (zügeln) control < feelings>; control, curb < impatience>
    5) (gut können) have mastered <instrument, trade>; have a good command of < language>
    2.
    reflexives Verb control oneself

    ich kann mich beherrschen — (iron.) I can resist the temptation (iron.)

    * * *
    v.
    to control v.
    to rule v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > beherrschen

  • 13 Darby, Abraham

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, England
    d. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England
    [br]
    English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.
    [br]
    Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.
    Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).
    H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Darby, Abraham

  • 14 Riley, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1840 Halifax, England
    d. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England
    [br]
    English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.
    [br]
    After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.
    In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).
    At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.
    The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.
    In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.
    Bibliography
    1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.
    1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.
    1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).
    27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.
    27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.
    1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.
    Further Reading
    A.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8.
    "Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).
    J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).
    JKA

    Biographical history of technology > Riley, James

  • 15 ferro sm

    ['fɛrro]
    1) (metallo) iron
    2) (strumento: gen) tool

    essere sotto i ferri — (di chirurgo) to be under the knife

    cucinare o fare qc ai ferri — to grill sth

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > ferro sm

  • 16 ferro

    sm ['fɛrro]
    1) (metallo) iron
    2) (strumento: gen) tool

    essere sotto i ferri — (di chirurgo) to be under the knife

    cucinare o fare qc ai ferri — to grill sth

    Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > ferro

  • 17 Bessemer, Sir Henry

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, England
    d. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.
    [br]
    The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.
    The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.
    Bibliography
    1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bessemer, Sir Henry

  • 18 chuma

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma
    [Swahili Plural] vyuma
    [English Word] iron
    [English Plural] iron
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Swahili Example] mlango wa sefu la ukutani ulikuwa wa chuma
    [English Example] the door of the wall safe was iron
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma
    [Swahili Plural] vyuma
    [English Word] iron (piece of)
    [English Plural] iron pieces
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Swahili Example] mtu huyu ni chuma
    [English Example] this man is as steady as a piece of iron
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma cha pua
    [Swahili Plural] vyuma vya pua
    [English Word] steel
    [English Plural] steel
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] mabamba ya chuma
    [English Word] sheet iron
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 6
    [Related Words] mabamba
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma cha noti
    [Swahili Plural] vyuma vya noti
    [English Word] tuning fork
    [English Plural] tuning forks
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] chuma, noti
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma cha reli
    [Swahili Plural] vyuma vya reli
    [English Word] rail
    [English Plural] rails
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] reli
    [Terminology] railway
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma cha pua kisioganda
    [English Word] stainless steel
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7
    [Related Words] pua, -ganda
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma cha pua kisichoingia kutu
    [English Word] stainless steel
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7
    [Related Words] pua, -ingia, kutu
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma
    [Swahili Plural] chuma
    [English Word] strong person
    [English Plural] strong people
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10an
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma
    [Swahili Plural] chuma
    [English Word] dependable person
    [English Plural] dependable people
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10an
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma
    [Swahili Plural] chuma
    [English Word] hero
    [English Plural] heroes
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10an
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma
    [Swahili Plural] vyuma
    [English Word] girlfriend (or other treasure)
    [English Plural] girlfriends
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Swahili Example] miye n'nacho chuma changu [Ma]
    [English Example] me, I have my girlfriend
    [Terminology] slang
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma
    [Swahili Plural] vyama
    [English Word] hardness
    [English Plural] hardnesses
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] chuma
    [Swahili Plural] vyama
    [English Word] severity
    [English Plural] severities
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] gather
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] pick
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Swahili Example] karatasi na kalamu mfukoni, tayari kuchuma, kuhifadhi na kuandika [Ya]
    [English Example] paper and pen in the bag, ready to pick, to save and to write
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] harvest
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] pluck
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] collect
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] reap
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] gather flowers or fruit
    [Part of Speech] verb
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] earn
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] chumi, chumo, uchumaji, uchumi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] make money
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] chumi, chumo, uchumaji, uchumi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] make a profit
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] chumi, chumo, uchumaji, uchumi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] gain by trade
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] chumi, chumo, uchumaji, uchumi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [Swahili Word] -chuma
    [English Word] acquire wealth
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Related Words] chumi, chumo, uchumaji, uchumi
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    Swahili-english dictionary > chuma

  • 19 Laird, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 1805 (?) Greenock, Scotland
    d. 26 October 1874 Birkenhead, England
    [br]
    Scottish pioneer of large-scale iron shipbuilding.
    [br]
    When only 5 years old, Laird travelled with his family to Merseyside, where his father William Laird was setting up a ship-repair yard. Fourteen years later his father established the Birkenhead Ironworks for ship and engine repairs, which in later years was to achieve great things with John Laird at the helm. John Laird trained as a solicitor, but instead of going into practice he joined the family business. Between 1829 and 1832 they built three iron barges for inland use in Ireland; this form of construction had become less of a novelty and followed the example set by Thomas Wilson in 1819, but Laird was fired with enthusiasm for this mode of construction. New iron ships followed in rapid succession, with two of especial note: the paddle steamer Lady Lansdown of 1833, which was dismantled and later re-erected on the river Shannon, becoming one of Britain's first "knock-down" contracts; and the early steamer Robert F.Stockton, which had a double Ericsson screw propeller and the first iron transverse watertight bulkheads. With the good name of the shipyard secure, they received orders from MacGregor Laird (John Laird's younger brother) for iron ships for the West African trade. This African connection was to grow and the yard's products were to include the Ma Roberts for Dr David Livingstone. Being of steel and with constant groundings on African rivers, this craft only lasted 18 months in steady operation. In 1858 a new yard dedicated to iron construction was opened at Monk's Ferry. In 1861 John Laird was returned as the first Member of Parliament for Birkenhead and his sons took over the day-to-day affairs of the business. Laird was to suffer acute embarrassment by questions at Westminster over the building in the Birkenhead Works of the United States Confederate raider Alabama in 1862. In 1874 he suffered serious injuries in a riding accident; his health declined and he died later that year.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1858, with Fairbairn, Forrester, Lang and Sea-ward, Steam Navigation, Vessels of Iron and Wood, the Steam Engine, etc. 2 vols, London: Weale.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Laird, John

  • 20 marca

    f.
    1 mark.
    se le nota la marca del bañador you can see her tan line, you can see where she's been wearing her swimsuit
    2 brand (commerce).
    unos vaqueros de marca a pair of designer jeans
    marca comercial trademark
    marca registrada registered trademark
    3 label.
    4 time (sport).
    5 check mark, check.
    6 make, mark.
    7 record.
    8 pit, small depression.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: marcar.
    * * *
    1 (señal) mark, sign
    2 (en comestibles, productos del hogar) brand; (en otros productos) make
    3 DEPORTE record
    4 (acción) marking
    \
    de marca brand
    de marca mayor familiar terrible, tremendous
    marca registrada registered trademark
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) mark, sign
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=señal) mark

    se te nota la marca del bañador — I can see your tan line *, I can see the mark where your swimming costume was

    • sello de marca — hallmark

    marca de la casa, un vino marca de la casa — a house wine

    2) (=huella) [de pie] footprint, footmark; [de dedos] fingerprint

    seguí las marcas que habían dejado sobre la arena — I followed the tracks they had left in the sand, I followed their footprints o footmarks in the sand

    3) (Com) [de comida, jabón, tabaco] brand; [de electrodoméstico, coche] make; [de ropa] label

    ¿qué marca de tabaco fumas? — what brand do you smoke?

    ¿de qué marca es tu televisor? — what make is your television?

    • ropa de marca — designer-label clothes, designer-label clothing

    imagen 4)
    4) (Dep) [de especialidad] record; [de deportista] best time

    • batir una marca — to break a record

    • establecer una marca — to set a record

    • mejorar o superar una marca — to break a record

    5) (Náut) [en tierra] seamark; [en el mar] marker, buoy
    6) (Naipes) bid
    7) [en el ganado] (=señal) brand; (=acción) branding
    8) (=herramienta) brand, iron
    9) ( Hist) march, frontier area
    * * *
    1)
    a) (señal, huella) mark
    b) ( en el ganado) brand
    2) (Com) (de coches, cámaras) make; (de productos alimenticios, cosméticos, etc) brand

    de marca mayor — (fam) terrible (colloq)

    3) (Dep) record

    superar or batir or mejorar una marca — to break a record

    * * *
    = make, mark, marker, tick, check, brand, check mark [checkmark], imprint, print, designer label, scar, pockmark.
    Ex. Certain makes of microprocessor have achieved sufficient sales to stimulate the production of a wide range of off-the-peg application packages.
    Ex. Representations can be stored and communicated through different physical media: marks, signs, waves, card, vinyl, magnetic tape, and so on.
    Ex. Extraction is carried out with the help of a dictionary of formal text characteristics ( markers, connectors, indicators).
    Ex. Those terms to appear in the lead position, ie are required as access terms, are indicated usually by placing a tick (check) over them.
    Ex. Those terms to appear in the lead position, ie are required as access terms, are indicated usually by placing a tick ( check) over them.
    Ex. Now it is easy to realize this because they no longer stand for living controversies: Kipling's brand of imperialism and Shaw's brand of revolutionary socialism are both things of the past.
    Ex. A small check mark beside a heading can indicate that the heading was found in the source.
    Ex. Harris was a librarian par excellence, whose imprint will become indelible in the history of Nigerian librarianship.
    Ex. Some of the exhibition's objects are plaster casts of such perishables as dying daffodil heads and hoof prints.
    Ex. They release selected second-hand clothes into fleamarket circulation labelled with their own designer label.
    Ex. The scars will take months and years to heal.
    Ex. Many walls still bear the pockmarks left by bullets.
    ----
    * asignación de la marca de Cutter = Cuttering.
    * asignar la marca de Cutter = Cutter.
    * con marca = branded.
    * crear una marca de identidad = branding.
    * dejar una marca = leave + Posesivo + mark.
    * de marca = branded.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyendo = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * identificación mediante marcas = tagging.
    * llevar la marca de = bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the imprint of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.
    * llevar la marca distintiva de = bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.
    * marca comercial = brand name, servicemark, trade name, trademark [trade mark].
    * marca de agua = watermark.
    * marca de Cutter = Cutter mark, Cutter numbers.
    * marca de final de campo = delimiter.
    * marca de frenazo = skid mark.
    * marca de inserción = caret (^).
    * marca del acné = pockmark.
    * marca de la viruela = pockmark.
    * marca de patinazo = skid mark.
    * marca de rachazo = skid mark.
    * marca de subcampo = subfield marker.
    * marca distintiva = hallmark, distinguishing mark.
    * marca identificadora = marking.
    * marca mundial = world record.
    * marca muy conocida = household brand.
    * marca personal = personal record.
    * marca registrada = brand name, registered trademark, proprietary, trademark [trade mark].
    * marcas de agua = watermarking.
    * marcas de agua digitales = digital watermarking.
    * poner una marca de comprobación = check-mark.
    * quitar la marca = unmark.
    * tonto de marca mayor = prize idiot.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (señal, huella) mark
    b) ( en el ganado) brand
    2) (Com) (de coches, cámaras) make; (de productos alimenticios, cosméticos, etc) brand

    de marca mayor — (fam) terrible (colloq)

    3) (Dep) record

    superar or batir or mejorar una marca — to break a record

    * * *
    = make, mark, marker, tick, check, brand, check mark [checkmark], imprint, print, designer label, scar, pockmark.

    Ex: Certain makes of microprocessor have achieved sufficient sales to stimulate the production of a wide range of off-the-peg application packages.

    Ex: Representations can be stored and communicated through different physical media: marks, signs, waves, card, vinyl, magnetic tape, and so on.
    Ex: Extraction is carried out with the help of a dictionary of formal text characteristics ( markers, connectors, indicators).
    Ex: Those terms to appear in the lead position, ie are required as access terms, are indicated usually by placing a tick (check) over them.
    Ex: Those terms to appear in the lead position, ie are required as access terms, are indicated usually by placing a tick ( check) over them.
    Ex: Now it is easy to realize this because they no longer stand for living controversies: Kipling's brand of imperialism and Shaw's brand of revolutionary socialism are both things of the past.
    Ex: A small check mark beside a heading can indicate that the heading was found in the source.
    Ex: Harris was a librarian par excellence, whose imprint will become indelible in the history of Nigerian librarianship.
    Ex: Some of the exhibition's objects are plaster casts of such perishables as dying daffodil heads and hoof prints.
    Ex: They release selected second-hand clothes into fleamarket circulation labelled with their own designer label.
    Ex: The scars will take months and years to heal.
    Ex: Many walls still bear the pockmarks left by bullets.
    * asignación de la marca de Cutter = Cuttering.
    * asignar la marca de Cutter = Cutter.
    * con marca = branded.
    * crear una marca de identidad = branding.
    * dejar una marca = leave + Posesivo + mark.
    * de marca = branded.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyendo = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * identificación mediante marcas = tagging.
    * llevar la marca de = bear + the mark(s) of, bear + the stamp of, bear + the imprint of, bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.
    * llevar la marca distintiva de = bear + the hallmarks of, have + the hallmarks of.
    * marca comercial = brand name, servicemark, trade name, trademark [trade mark].
    * marca de agua = watermark.
    * marca de Cutter = Cutter mark, Cutter numbers.
    * marca de final de campo = delimiter.
    * marca de frenazo = skid mark.
    * marca de inserción = caret (^).
    * marca del acné = pockmark.
    * marca de la viruela = pockmark.
    * marca de patinazo = skid mark.
    * marca de rachazo = skid mark.
    * marca de subcampo = subfield marker.
    * marca distintiva = hallmark, distinguishing mark.
    * marca identificadora = marking.
    * marca mundial = world record.
    * marca muy conocida = household brand.
    * marca personal = personal record.
    * marca registrada = brand name, registered trademark, proprietary, trademark [trade mark].
    * marcas de agua = watermarking.
    * marcas de agua digitales = digital watermarking.
    * poner una marca de comprobación = check-mark.
    * quitar la marca = unmark.
    * tonto de marca mayor = prize idiot.

    * * *
    A
    1 (señal, huella) mark
    te ha quedado la marca del bikini you've got a mark where your bikini was
    Compuestos:
    watermark
    hallmark
    B ( Com) (de coches, cámaras) make; (de productos alimenticios, cosméticos, etc) brand
    ¿qué marca de lavadora es? what make (of) washing machine is it?
    prefiero comprar artículos de marca I prefer to buy brand products o brand names
    una marca de prestigio a well-known brand
    ropa de marca designer clothes
    de marca mayor ( fam); terrible ( colloq)
    me llevé un susto de marca mayor I got one hell of a fright o a terrible fright
    Compuestos:
    trade name
    luxury brand
    leading brand, brand leader
    registered trademark
    C ( Dep) record
    superar or batir or mejorar una marca to break a record
    establecer una marca mundial to set a world record
    mi mejor marca de la temporada my best time ( o height etc) of the season
    * * *

     

    Del verbo marcar: ( conjugate marcar)

    marca es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    marca    
    marcar
    marca sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (señal, huella) mark


    2 (Com) (de coches, cámaras) make;
    (de productos alimenticios, cosméticos, etc) brand;
    ◊ comprar artículos de marca to buy brand products o brand names;

    ropa de marca designer clothes;
    marca patentada or registrada registered trademark
    3 (Dep) record;
    superar or batir una marca to break a record
    marcar ( conjugate marcar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( con señal) ‹ropa/página/baraja› to mark;

    ‹ ganado› to brand
    b) [experiencia/suceso] ( dejar huella) to mark

    2
    a) (indicar, señalar) to mark;


    el reloj marca las doce en punto the time is exactly twelve o'clock
    b) ( hacer resaltar) ‹cintura/busto› to accentuate

    c) (Mús):

    ◊ marca el compás/el ritmo to beat time/the rhythm

    3 ‹ pelo› to set
    4 (Telec) to dial
    5 (Dep)
    a) ‹gol/tanto› to score

    b) ‹ jugador› to mark

    verbo intransitivo
    1 (Dep) to score
    2 (Telec) to dial
    marcarse verbo pronominal:


    ( caus) to have one's hair set
    marca sustantivo femenino
    1 (huella) mark: me levanté con la marca de las sábanas en la cara, I woke up with the mark of the sheet on my face
    2 (distintivo) sign
    la marca del Zorro, the sign of Zorro
    es la marca de la ganadería de Vitorino, it's the brand of Vitorino
    Com brand, make
    3 (impronta) stamp: este trabajo lleva su marca, this work has her stamp
    4 Dep time, result: consiguió una buena marca, he achieved a good time
    marcar verbo transitivo
    1 (señalar) to mark: su muerte me marcó profundamente, I was deeply marked by her death
    las piedras marcan la linde, the stones mark the boundary
    2 (resaltar) este vestido me marca las caderas, this dress shows off my hips
    ese gesto marca la importancia del tratado, that gesture stresses the importance of the treaty
    3 Tel to dial: marque el 123 321, dial 123321
    4 (una hora, grados, etc) to indicate, show, mark: el metrónomo marca el compás, the metronome marks the time
    5 Dep (un tanto) to score
    (a otro jugador) to mark
    6 (un peinado) to set: ¿lavar y marcar?, wash and set?
    ' marca' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    antojo
    - capricho
    - compás
    - hasta
    - impresión
    - marcar
    - mejorar
    - peor
    - rebasar
    - registrar
    - señalar
    - superar
    - tatuaje
    - acreditado
    - batir
    - chuza
    - establecer
    - fama
    - golpe
    - líder
    - matasellos
    - mundial
    - palomita
    - patentado
    - patentar
    - punto
    - rayar
    - sello
    - señal
    - superficial
    - surco
    - tic
    - viruela
    English:
    asterisk
    - birthmark
    - brand
    - brand name
    - make
    - mark
    - marker
    - personal best
    - premier
    - proprietary
    - registered trademark
    - scar
    - scorer
    - sponsor
    - stamp
    - stand
    - tick
    - TM
    - trademark
    - tradename
    - beating
    - birth
    - dent
    - do
    - imprint
    - marking
    - record
    - register
    - trade
    - world
    * * *
    marca nf
    1. [señal] mark;
    [de rueda, animal] track; [en ganado] brand; [en papel] watermark; [cicatriz] mark, scar;
    se le nota la marca del bañador you can see her tan line, you can see where she's been wearing her swimsuit;
    se quemó y le ha quedado una marca she burned herself and has been left with a scar;
    Dep
    en sus marcas, listos, ¡ya! on your marks, get set, go!
    Imprenta marca de corte crop mark; Informát marca de párrafo paragraph mark; Imprenta marca de recorte crop mark
    2. Com [de tabaco, café, perfume] brand;
    [de vehículo, computadora] make;
    sólo compro ropa de marca I only buy designer clothes;
    unos vaqueros de marca a pair of designer jeans;
    Fam
    de marca mayor [muy grande] enormous;
    [excelente] outstanding marca blanca own-brand, own-label;
    marca comercial trademark;
    marca de fábrica trademark;
    marca registrada registered trademark
    3. [etiqueta] label
    4. Dep [tiempo, distancia, altura] performance;
    la mejor marca mundial del año en los 100 metros the fastest time in the world this year for the 100 metres;
    su mejor marca del año her personal best this year
    5. Dep [marcaje] marking;
    se encarga de la marca del delantero más peligroso he's marking the most dangerous forward
    6. [en rugby]
    línea de marca try o goal line;
    zona de marca in-goal area
    * * *
    f
    1 ( señal) mark
    2 MED scar, mark
    3 COM brand;
    de marca brand-name atr
    4 DEP score;
    superar una marca break a record;
    mejor marca personal personal best;
    sus 9,93 segundos son la segunda mejor marca his 9.93 seconds is the second best time;
    de marca mayor fig tremendous
    * * *
    marca nf
    1) : mark
    2) : brand, make
    3) : trademark
    marca registrada: registered trademark
    4) : record (in sports)
    batir la marca: to beat the record
    * * *
    1. (señal) mark
    2. (nombre de comestibles, ropa) brand
    3. (nombre de coches, motos) make
    ¿qué marca de coche es? ¿what make of car is it?
    4. (en deportes) record

    Spanish-English dictionary > marca

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